How does the vaccine work and how to develop vaccines?#Everyone is a Writer

      Antiviral vaccines work by inducing specific antibodies for the surface glycoprotein of a hidden virus or capsid protein from an uncovered virus. The antibody response works best when it neutralizes and inhibits infection. Neutralization can occur in three main mechanisms. First, virus aggregation or immobilization reduces the infectious inoculum by preventing the virus from reaching the target cell. The second mechanism involves antibodies that directly block the attachment of the virus to the target cell by covering the receptor-binding domain. Third, neutralization can occur post-attachment by preventing entry or release through inhibition of fusion^[1].

      Vaccine development is carried out with new antigen or immunogen uptake stages identified in the research process and then developed into vaccines that can be evaluated through preclinical and clinical studies to determine the safety and efficacy of the resulting vaccine^[2]. Based on the part of the antigen, the development of vaccines can be divided into 3, including peptide vaccines, DNA vaccines, and RNA vaccines. The following is a flow chart of each type:

      There are several obstacles in vaccine development, including 1) inadequate preclinical data and the lack of detailed information about the correlation of immune protection contributing to product failure in clinical trials; 2) lack of information about infection exposure at the intended vaccine recipient; vaccines must be used in populations with less responsive immune systems; 3) antigenic variations require continuous updating of vaccine formulations; 4) high vaccine development costs result in the abandonment of products that are useful prematurely; inadequate access to vaccines in poor countries, especially those used to fight tropical diseases; and 6) development of more relevant animal models; more human samples to collect and analyze; increased use of experimental human challenge infections. The steps that can be taken to overcome these obstacles among them, are 1) more human samples to be collected and analyzed; 2) get a greater understanding of the mechanism of action from the helpers currently in use; the development of special vaccine delivery systems for use in immunocompromised populations; 3) look for preserved antigens; monitor the genetic variation of infectious organisms in the community; 4) more investment in vaccine research; 5) a tiered pricing strategy; 6) facilitating vaccine development in developing countries^[7].