Research Area
Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy
Team Description
The Zhou lab is focused on developing affordable T cell therapies with high efficacy for solid tumors. Currently, only a small group of patients could benefit from TCR-T cell therapies targeting tumor-associated antigens due to their limited expression. We established the personalized TCR-T cell therapy using patient-specific TCRs targeting neoantigens, which could be used for majority of patients. The phase I clinical trail has shown 45% ORR. We also developed TCR-T cells resistant to exhaustion and the suppression of tumor microenvrionment by targeting multiple critical signaling pathways identified through genome-wide genetic screen. Those modified super TCR-T cell therapies showed dramatically enhanced efficacy treating solid tumors. We are now working on the production of TCR/CAR-T cells in vivo, which will reduce 90% of the current production cost, and make cell therapies be affordable for most patients.
Team Members
Team Show
Publications
1. Xiaomin Zhang , Limin Cheng , Chengqi Gao , Jing Chen , Shuangye Liao , Yongqiang Zheng , Liping Xu , Jingjing He , Danyang Wang , Ziqian Fang , Jianeng Zhang , Min Yan , Yi Luan , Siyu Chen , Li-Kun Chen , Xiaojun Xia , Chunhao Deng , Guokai Chen , Wende Li , Ze-Xian Liu# , Penghui Zhou#. Androgen Signaling Contributes to Sex Differences in Cancer by Inhibiting NF-κB Activation in T Cells and Suppressing Anti-Tumor Immunity. Cancer Research, 2023 Jan 12;CAN-22-2405
2. Jingjing He, Xinxin Xiong, Han Yang, Dandan Li, Xuefei Liu, Shuo Li, Shuangye Liao, Siyu Chen, Xizhi Wen, Kuai Yu, Lingyi Fu, Xingjun Dong, Kaiyu Zhu, Xiaojun Xia, Tiebang Kang, Chaochao Bian, Xiang Li, Haiping Liu, Peirong Ding#, Xiao-Shi Zhang#, Zhenjiang Liu#, Wende Li#, Zhixiang Zuo# and Penghui Zhou#. Defined Tumor Antigen-Specific T Cells Potentiate Personalized TCR-T Cell Therapy and Prediction of Immunotherapy Response. Cell Research. 32, 530–542 (2022)
3. Xinxin Xiong, Siyu Chen, Jianfei Shen, Hua You, Han Yang, Chao Yan, Ziqian Fang, Jianeng Zhang, Xuyu Cai, Xingjun Dong, Tiebang Kang, Wende Li# and Penghui Zhou#. Cannabis Suppresses Antitumor Immunity by Inhibiting JAK/STAT Signaling in T Cells through CNR2. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 7, 99 (2022)
4. TIGER: A Web Portal of Tumor Immunotherapy Gene Expression Resource. Chen Z, Luo Z, Zhang D, Li H, Liu X, Zhu K, Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhou P#, Ren J#, Zhao A#, Zuo Z#. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2022 Aug 29:S1672-0229(22)00099-7
5. Lingyi Fu, Sen Li, Weiwei Xiao, Kuai Yu, Shuo Li, Sujing Yuan, Jianfei Shen, Xingjun Dong, Ziqian Fang, Jianeng Zhang, Siyu Chen, Wende Li, Hua You, Xiaojun Xia, Tiebang Kang, Jing Tan, Gong Chen, Ankui Yang, Yuanhong Gao, Penghui Zhou. DGKA Mediates Resistance to PD-1 Blockade. Cancer Immunology Research, 2021; 9:371–85.
6. Sijia Ren, Xinxin Xiong, Hua You, Jianfei Shen#, Penghui Zhou#. The Combination of Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Angiogenesis Inhibitors in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021 Jun 2;12:689132.
7. Xianwen Ren, Wen Wen, Xiaoying Fan, Wenhong Hou, Bin Su, Pengfei Cai, Jiesheng Li, Yang Liu, Fei Tang, Fan Zhang, Yu Yang, Jiangping He, Wenji Ma, Jingjing He, Pingping Wang, Qiqi Cao, Fangjin Chen, Yuqing Chen, Xuelian Cheng, Guohong Deng, Xilong Deng, Wenyu Ding, Yingmei Feng, Rui Gan, Chuang Guo, Weiqiang Guo, Shuai He, Chen Jiang, Juanran Liang, Yi-min Li, Jun Lin, Yun Ling, Haofei Liu, Jianwei Liu, Nianping Liu, Shu-Qiang Liu, Meng Luo, Qiang Ma, Qibing Song, Wujianan Sun, GaoXiang Wang, Feng Wang, Ying Wang, Xiaofeng Wen, Qian Wu, Gang Xu, Xiaowei Xie, Xinxin Xiong, Xudong Xing, Hao Xu, Chonghai Yin, Dongdong Yu, Kezhuo Yu, Jin Yuan, Biao Zhang, Peipei Zhang, Tong Zhang, Jincun Zhao, Peidong Zhao, Jianfeng Zhou, Wei Zhou, Sujuan Zhong, Xiaosong Zhong, Shuye Zhang, Lin Zhu, Ping Zhu, Bin Zou, Jiahua Zou, Zengtao Zuo, Fan Bai, Xi Huang, Penghui Zhou#, Qinghua Jiang#, Zhiwei Huang#, Jin-Xin Bei#, Lai Wei#, Xiu-Wu Bian#, Xindong Liu#, Tao Cheng#, Xiangpan Li#, Pingsen Zhao#, Fu-Sheng Wang#, Hongyang Wang#, Bing Su#, Zheng Zhang#, Kun Qu#, Xiaoqun Wang#, Jiekai Chen#, Ronghua Jin#, Zemin Zhang#. COVID-19 immune features revealed by a large-scale single cell transcriptome atlas. Cell, 2021 Apr 1;184(7):1895-1913.e19
8. Yinqi Zhang, Chengqi Gao, Fei Cao, Ying Wu, Shuanggang Chen, Xue Han, Jingqin Mo, Zhiyu Qiu, Weijun Fan, Penghui Zhou#, Lujun Shen#. Pan-Cancer Analysis of IGF-1 and IGF-1R as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers and Immunotherapy Targets. Frontiers in Oncology. 2021 Nov 5;11:755341
9. Juan Yang, Xianzhi Yang, Wenfeng Pan, Mingshuo Wang, Yuxiong Lu, Jianeng Zhang, Ziqian Fang, Xiaomin Zhang, Yin Ji, Jin-Xin Bei, Jiajun Dong, Yi Wu, Chaoyun Pan, Guangli Yu#, Penghui Zhou#, and Bo Li#. Fucoidan-Supplemented Diet Potentiates Immune Checkpoint Blockage by Enhancing Antitumor Immunity. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021; 9: 733246
10. Qiaoqi Sui, Dingxin Liu, Wu Jiang, Jinghua Tang, Lingheng Kong, Kai Han, Leen Liao, Yuan Li, Qingjian Ou, Binyi Xiao , Guochen Liu, Yihong Ling, Jiewei Chen, Zexian Liu, Zhixiang Zuo, Zhizhong Pan#, Penghui Zhou#, Jian Zheng#, Pei-Rong Ding#. Dickkopf 1 impairs the tumor response to PD-1 blockade by inactivating CD8+ T cells in deficient mismatch repair colorectal cancer. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 2021 Mar;9(3):e001498
11. Kuai Yu, Jingjing He, Yongjian Wu, Baosong Xie, Xuefei Liu, Bo Wei, Haibo Zhou, Bingliang Lin, Zhixiang Zuo, Wen Wen, Wenxiong Xu, Bin Zou, Lai Wei#, Xi Huang#, Penghui Zhou#. Dysregulated adaptive immune response contributes to severe COVID-19. Cell Research 30: 814–816 (2020)
12. Zhenzhen Fan, Yahui Tian, Zhipeng Chen, Lu Liu, Qian Zhou, Jingjing He, James Coleman, Changjiang Dong, Nan Li, Junqi Huang, Chenqi Xu, Zhimin Zhang, Song Gao, Penghui Zhou#, Ke Ding#, Liang Chen#. Blocking interaction between SHP2 and PD-1 denotes a novel opportunity for developing PD-1 inhibitors. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 2020 May 12:e11571,1-17
13. Wei Xiao, Jinghua Wang, Xizhi Wen, Bushu Xu, Yi Que, Kuai Yu, Liping Xu, Jingjing Zhao, Qiuzhong Pan, Penghui Zhou#, Xing Zhang#. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy for platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer. 2020 May 1;126 Suppl 9:2093-2100
14. Lujun Shen, Qifeng Chen, Changsheng Yang, Ying Wu, Hui Yuan, Shuanggang Chen, Shunling Ou, Yiquan Jiang, Tao Huang, Liangru Ke, Jinqing Mo, Ziqing Feng, Penghui Zhou#, Weijun Fan#. Role of PRDM1 in Tumor Immunity and Drug Response: A Pan-Cancer Analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020 Dec 15;11:593195
15. Jinghua Wang, Siyu Chen, Wei Xiao, Wende Li, Liang Wang, Shuo Yang, Weida Wang, Liping Xu, Shuangye Liao, Wenjian Liu, Yang Wang, Nawei Liu, Jianeng Zhang, Xiaojun Xia, Tiebang Kang, Gong Chen, Xiuyu Cai, Han Yang, Xing Zhang, Yue Lu, Penghui Zhou. CAR T Cells Targeting CLL-1 as an Approach to Treat Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Journal of Hematology and Oncology, (2018) 11:7
16. Jinghua Wang, Penghui Zhou. New Approaches in CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2017;1026:371-381
17. Penghui Zhou, Donald R. Shaffer, Diana A. Alvarez Arias, Yukoh Nakazaki, Wouter Pos, Alexis J. Torres, Viviana Cremasco, Stephanie K. Dougan, Glenn S. Cowley, Kutlu Elpek, Jennifer Brogdon, John Lamb, Shannon Turley, Hidde L. Ploegh, David E. Root, J. Christopher Love, Glenn Dranoff, Nir Hacohen, Harvey Cantor, Kai W. Wucherpfennig. In vivo Discovery of Immunotherapy Targets in the Tumor Microenvironment. Nature. 2014 Feb 6; 506(7486):52-7
18. Penghui Zhou, Kai W. Wucherpfennig. Discovery Cancer Immunotherapy Targets In vivo. Oncoimmunology. 2014 Apr 17;3:e28500
19. Penghui Zhou, Xianfeng Fang, Ping Yu, Mingzhao Zhu, Yang-Xin Fu, Lizhong Wang, Yang Liu and Pan Zheng. Targeting Lymphotoxin-mediated Negative Selection in the Thymus to Prevent Prostate Cancer in Mice with Genetic Predisposition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009, 106(40):17134-9
20. Penghui Zhou, Xincheng Zheng, Huiming Zhang, Yang Liu and Pan Zheng. B7 blockade alters the balance between regulatory T cells and tumor-reactive T cells for immunotherapy of cancer. Clinical Cancer Research. 2009 Feb 1;15(3):960-70
21. Penghui Zhou, Tan Yifang, He yuqin, Xu Caiguo and Zhang Qifa. Simultaneous Improvement for Four Quality Traits of Zhenshan 97, An Elite Parent of Hybrid rice, by Molecular Marker-assisted Selection. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2003 106(2):326-31
22. Yuanzhong Wu, Liwen Zhou1, Yezi Zou, Yijun Zhang, Meifang Zhang, Liping Xu, Lisi Zheng, Wenting He, Kuai Yu, Ting Li, Xia Zhang, Zhenxuan Chen, Ruhua Zhang, Penghui Zhou, Nu Zhang, Limin Zheng, Tiebang Kang. Disrupting the phase separation of KAT8-IRF1 diminishes PD-L1 expression and promotes antitumor immunity. Nature Cancer, 2023 Mar;4(3):382-400
23. Epigenetic drug screen identified IOX1 as an inhibitor of Th17-mediated inflammation through targeting TET2. Hu X, Zou Y, Copland DA, Schewitz-Bowers LP, Li Y, Lait PJP, Stimpson M, Zhang Z, Guo S, Liang J, Chen T, Li JJ, Yuan S, Li S, Zhou P, Liu Y, Dick AD, Wen X, Lee RWJ, Wei L. EBioMedicine. 2022 Dec;86:104333
24. RAD21 amplification epigenetically suppresses interferon signaling to promote immune evasion in ovarian cancer. Deng P, Wang Z, Chen J, Liu S, Yao X, Liu S, Liu L, Yu Z, Huang Y, Xiong Z, Xiao R, Gao J, Liang W, Chen J, Liu H, Hong JH, Chan JY, Guan P, Chen J, Wang Y, Yin J, Li J, Zheng M, Zhang C, Zhou P, Kang T, Teh BT, Yu Q, Zuo Z, Jiang Q, Liu J, Xiong Y, Xia X, Tan J. J Clin Invest. 2022 Nov 15;132(22):e159628
25. Qian Zhou, Jinxia Liang, Tong Yang, Jin Liu, Bo Li, Yingchang Li, Zhenzhen Fan, Weida Wang, Wensheng Chen, Sujing Yuan, Meng Xu, Qigui Xu, Zhidong Luan, Zhongjun Xia, Penghui Zhou, Yadong Huang, Liang Chen. Carfilzomib modulates tumor microenvironment to potentiate immune checkpoint therapy for cancer. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 2022 Jan 11;14(1):e14502
26. Feifei Xu, Zining Wang, Hongxia Zhang, Jiemin Chen, Xiaojuan Wang, Lei Cui, Chunyuan Xie, Mengyun Li, Fang Wang, Penghui Zhou, Jinyun Liu, Peng Huang, Xiaodong Xia, Xiaojun Xia. Mevalonate blockade in cancer cells triggers CLEC9A+ dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Cancer Research. 2021 Sep 1;81(17):4514-4528
27. Zining Wang, Feifei Xu, Jie Hu, Hongxia Zhang, Lei Cui, Wenhua Lu, Wenzhuo He, Xiaojuan Wang, Mengyun Li, Huanling Zhang, Wenjing Xiong, Chunyuan Xie, Yongxiang Liu, Penghui Zhou, Jinyun Liu, Peng Huang, Xiaofeng Frank Qin, Xiaojun Xia. Modulation of lactate-lysosome axis in dendritic cells by clotrimazole potentiates antitumor immunity. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 2021 May;9(5):e002155
28. Yi Que, Xiao-Long Zhang, Ze-Xian Liu, Jing-Jing Zhao, Qiu-Zhong Pan, Xi-Zhi Wen, Wei Xiao, Bu-Shu Xu, Dong-Chun Hong, Tian-Hui Guo, Lu-Jun Shen, Wei-Jun Fan, Huo-Ying Chen, De-Sheng Weng, Hai-Rong Xu, Peng-Hui Zhou, Yi-Zhuo Zhang, Xiao-Hui Niu, Xing Zhang. Frequent amplification of HDAC genes and efficacy of HDAC inhibitor chidamide and PD-1 blockade combination in soft tissue sarcoma. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 2021 Feb; 9(2):e001696
29. Ting Liu, Jizhou Tan, Minhao Wu, Wenzhe Fan, Jialiang Wei, Bowen Zhu, Jian Guo, Shutong Wang, Penghui Zhou, Hui Zhang, Liangrong Shi, Jiaping Li. High-affinity neoantigens correlate with better prognosis and trigger potent antihepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) activity by activating CD39 + CD8 +T cells. Gut. 2021 Oct; 70(10):1965-1977
30. Zhang P, Xiong X, Rolfo C, Du X, Zhang Y, Yang H, Russo A, Devenport M, Zhou P, Liu Y, Zheng P. Mechanism- and Immune Landscape-Based Ranking of Therapeutic Responsiveness of 22 Major Human Cancers to Next Generation Anti-CTLA-4 Antibodies. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Jan 24;12(2)
31. Liao K, Deng S, Xu L, Pan W, Yang S, Zheng F, Wu X, Hu H, Liu Z, Luo J, Zhang R, Kuang DM, Dong J, Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhou P, Bei JX, Xu Y, Ji Y, Wang P, Ju HQ, Xu RH, Li B. A Feedback Circuitry between Polycomb Signaling and Fructose-1, 6-Bisphosphatase Enables Hepatic and Renal Tumorigenesis. Cancer Research. 2020 Feb 15;80(4):675-688
32. Xie F, Zhang J, Wang J, Reuben A, Xu W, Yi X, Varn FS, Ye Y, Cheng J, Yu M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Xie M, Du P, Ma K, Ma X, Zhou P, Yang S, Chen Y, Wang G, Xia X, Liao Z, Heymach JV, Wistuba II, Futreal PA, Ye K, Cheng C, Xia T. Multifactorial deep learning reveals pan-cancer genomic tumor clusters with distinct immunogenomic landscape and response to immunotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research. 2020 Jun 15; 26(12):2908-2920
33. Yang H, Xia L, Chen J, Zhang S, Martin V, Li Q, Lin S, Chen J, Calmette J, Lu M, Fu L, Yang J, Pan Z, Yu K, He J, Morand E, Schlecht-Louf G, Krzysiek R, Zitvogel L, Kang B, Zhang Z, Leader A, Zhou P, Lanfumey L, Shi M, Kroemer G, Ma Y. Stress-glucocorticoid-TSC22D3 axis compromises therapy-induced antitumor immunity. Nature Medicine. 2019 Sep; 25(9):1428-1441
34. Wang Z, Chen J, Hu J, Zhang H, Xu F, He W, Wang X, Li M, Lu W, Zeng G, Zhou P, Huang P, Chen S, Li W, Xia LP, Xia X. cGAS/STING axis mediates a topoisomerase II inhibitor-induced tumor immunogenicity. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2019 Aug 13;130:4850-4862
35. Meng X, Liu X, Guo X, Jiang S, Chen T, Hu Z, Liu H, Bai Y, Xue M, Hu R, Sun SC, Liu X, Zhou P, Huang X, Wei L, Yang W, Xu C. FBXO38 mediates PD-1 ubiquitination and regulates anti-tumour immunity of T cells. Nature. 2018 Dec;564(7734):130-135
36. Zheng X, Fang Z, Liu X, Deng S, Zhou P, Wang X, Zhang C, Yin R, Hu H, Chen X, Han Y, Zhao Y, Lin SH, Qin S, Wang X, Kim BY, Zhou P, Jiang W, Wu Q, Huang Y. Increased vessel perfusion predicts the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2018 May 1;128(5):2104-2115
37. Yi-Long Wu, Chang-Li Wang, Mei-Lin Liao, Zhong-Zhen Guan, Chen-Yan Gao, Shun Lu, Ming-Fang Zhao, Jie Wang, Xiao-Qing Liu, Jin-Ji Yang, Jun Liang, Wei-Min Mao, Bao-Hui Han, Xu-Chao Zhang, Yong Song, Ji-Feng Feng, Sheng-Lin Ma, Gang Wu, Cai-Cun Zhou, Ke-Neng Chen, Ying Cheng, Yong He, Chun Chen, Qun Wang, Ji-Zhen Lin, Bo Zhu, Yun-Peng Liu, Yi Hu, Gui-Bin Qiao, Qing Zhou, Qi-Bin Song, Nan Wu, Lin Wu, Cheng Huang, Xiao-Long Fu, Jian-Ping Xiong, Jie Hu, Cheng-Ping Hu, Jian-Hua Chang, Qiong Zhao, Jun Zhao, Peng-Hui Zhou, Zhi-Yong Ma, Yuan Chen, He-Long Zhang, Fan Yang, Jian-Jun Wang, Yue-Yin Pan, Xue-Ning Yang, Yun Fan, Zhe Liu, Wen Fan, Nong Yang, Yan-Fang Guan, Hao Sun, Wen-Zhao Zhong. A consensus on immunotherapy from the 2017 Chinese Lung Cancer Summit expert panel. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2018 Jun;7(3):428-436
38. Qian-Kun Xie, Yu-Jie Zhao, Tao Pan, Ning Lyu, Lu-Wen Mu, Shao-Long Li, Mu-De Shi,Zhen-Feng Zhang, Peng-Hui Zhou & Ming Zhao. Programmed death ligand 1 as an indicator of pre-existing adaptive immune responses in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology. 2016 May 13; e1181252
39. Wei Yang, Yibing Bai, Ying Xiong, Jin Zhang, Shuokai Chen, Xiaojun Zheng, Xiangbo Meng, Lunyi Li, Jing Wang, Chenguang Xu, Chengsong Yan, Lijuan Wang, Catharine C. Y. Chang, Ta-Yuan Chang, Ti Zhang, Penghui Zhou, Bao-Liang Song, Wanli Liu, Shao-cong Sun, Xiaolong Liu, Bo-liang Li & Chenqi Xu. Potentiating the antitumour response of CD8(+) T cells by modulating cholesterol metabolism. 2016 March 31, Nature 531, 651–655
40. Lizhong Wang, Runhua Liu, Peiying Ye, Chunshu Wong, Guo-Yun Chen, Penghui Zhou, Kaoru Sakabe, Xincheng Zheng, Wei Wu, Zhang Peng, Taijiao Jiang, Michael Bassetti, Sandro Jube, Yi Sun, Yanping Zhang, Pan Zheng. Intracellular CD24 Disrupts ARF-NPM Interaction and Enables Mutational and Viral Oncogene-mediated p53 Inactivation. Nature Communication, 2015 Jan 20;6:5909
41. Donald R. Shaffer, Penghui Zhou and Stephen Gottschalk. Foreign or Domestic CARs: Receptor Ligands as Antigen-Binding Domains. Medical Sciences, 2014; 2(1):23-36
42. Diana A. Alvarez Arias, Hye-Jung Kim, Penghui Zhou, Tobias A.W. Holderried, Xuan Wang, Glenn Dranoff and Harvey Cantor. Enhanced murine anti-tumor immunity after genetic disruption of CD8+ regulatory T-cell activity. Cancer Immunology Research, March 2014 2:207-216
43. Lizhong Wang, Runhua Liu, Weiquan Li, Chong Chen, Hiroto Katoh, Guo-Yun Chen, Beth McNally, Lin Lin, Penghui Zhou, Tao Zuo, Kathleen A. Cooney, Yang Liu and Pan Zheng. Somatic Single-hits Inactivate the X-linked Tumor Suppressor FOXP3 in the Prostate. Cancer Cell, 2009 Oct 6;16(4):336-46
44. Anna I Proietto, Serani van Dommelen, Penghui Zhou, Alex Rizzitelli, Angela D’Amico, Raymond J Steptoe, Shalin H Naik, Mireille H Lahoud, Yang Liu, Pan Zheng, Ken Shortman and Li Wu. Dendritic cells in the thymus contribute to T regulatory cell induction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008, 105(50): 19619-19874
45. Runhua Liu, Lizhong Wang, Chong Chen, Yan Liu, Penghui Zhou, Yin Wang, Xirui Wang, Julie Turnbull, Berge A. Minassian, Yang Liu, and Pan Zheng. Laforin negatively regulates cell cycle progression through glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta-dependent mechanisms. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2008 Dec;28(23):7236-44
46. Kenneth F. May, Jr., Xing Chang, Huiming Zhang, Kenneth D. Lute, Penghui Zhou, Ergun Kocak, Pan Zheng and Yang Liu. B7-deficient autoreactive T cells are highly susceptible to suppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. Journal of Immunology. 2007 Feb 1;178(3):1542-52
47. Hong Wang, Miaofu Feng, Yaodong Zhou, Penghui Zhou, Weiseng Zeng, Jinghua Cheng and Dan Liu. Clinical and Experimental Study on Lumivudine Resistance by Molecular Beacon. China Biotechnology. 2003, 23(6): 90-93